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A Quest to Recover Buddha's True Teachings
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Buddha Dhamma
User’s Guide to Pure Dhamma Website
Buddhism – In Charts
Buddha Dhamma – A Scientific Approach
Buddhahood Associated Controversies
What is Buddha Dhamma?
Foundation of Dhamma
The Importance of Purifying the Mind
The Grand Unified Theory of Dhamma
Buddha Dhamma: Non-Perceivability and Self-Consistency
Samsāric Time Scale, Buddhist Cosmology, and the Big Bang Theory
Evidence for Rebirth
Power of the Human Mind
Transfer of Merits (Pattidāna) – How Does it Happen?
Vinaya – The Nature Likes to be in Equilibrium
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Elephants in the Room
Word-for-Word Translation of the Tipiṭaka
“Elephant in the Room” – Direct Translation of the Tipiṭaka
Niddesa (Brief Description) of Paṭicca Samuppāda
Paṭicca Samuppāda During a Lifetime
Often Mistranslated Pāli Keywords
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Elephant in the Room 2 – Jhāna and Kasiṇa
“Jānato Passato” and Ājāniya – Critical Words to Remember
Samādhi, Jhāna, and Sammā Samādhi
Jhāna, Jhāya, and Jhāyi – Different Meanings
Jhāna – Finer Details
Sammā Samādhi – How to Define It?
Ariya Jhāna and Anariya Jhāna – Main Differences
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Elephant in the Room 3 – Ānāpānasati
Ānāpānasati – Overview
Assāsa Passāsa – What Do They Mean?
Ānāpānasati Not About Breath – Icchānaṅgala Sutta
Mahārāhulovāda Sutta and Ānāpānasati
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Elephant in the Room 4 – Gandhabba/Manomaya Kāya
Does Gandhabba Mean “Semen”?
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Key Dhamma Concepts
Basic Framework of Buddha Dhamma
Buddha Dhamma – Noble Truths, Paṭicca Samuppāda, Tilakkhaṇa
Noble Truths, Paṭicca Samuppāda, Tilakkhana – Key Relationships
Anicca Nature, the First Noble Truth, and Paṭicca Samuppāda
Tilakkhaṇa – Introduction
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San – A Critical Pāli Root
What is “San”? Meaning of Sansāra (or Saṃsāra)
Sankhāra, Kamma, Kamma Bīja, Kamma Vipāka
Sankhara – Life is a Bundle of Sankhara
Kamma are Done with Saṅkhāra – Types of Saṅkhāra
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Nibbāna
Nibbana “Exists”, but Not in This World
Nibbana – Is it Difficult to Understand?
The Four Stages in Attaining Nibbāna
What Are Rūpa? (Relation to Nibbāna)
Nirāmisa Sukha
Does the First Noble Truth Describe only Suffering?
Nirödha and Vaya – Two Different Concepts
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Anicca, Dukkha, Anatta
Anicca, Dukkha, Anatta – Distortion Timeline
Anicca, Dukkha, Anatta – Wrong Interpretations
Anatta and Dukkha – True Meanings
Anicca, Dukkha, Anatta – According to Some Key Suttas
Anicca – True Meaning
Anattā – A Systematic Analysis
Tilakkhaṇa – English Discourses
The Way to Nibbāna – Transcription of a Discourse by Waharaka Thero
Sotāpanna Stage and Tilakkhaṇa
Why are Tilakkhaṇa not Included in 37 Factors of Enlightenment?
Two Versions of 37 Factors of Enlightenment
Types of Bodies in 31 Realms – Connection to Jhāna
Finest Manōmaya Kaya of an Arūpāvacara Brahma
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Gati, Bhava, and Jāti
Namagotta, Bhava, Kamma Bīja, and Mano Loka (Mind Plane)
Gati and Bhava – Many Varieties
Gathi to Bhava to Jathi – Ours to Control
Memory, Brain, Mind, Nama Loka, Kamma Bhava, Kamma Vipāka
Bhava and Jāti – States of Existence and Births Therein
Cuti and Marana – Related to Bhava and Jāti
Anusaya, Gati, Bhava – Connection to Manomaya Kāya (Gandhabba)
Pāpa Kamma Versus Akusala Kamma
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Sorting out Some Key Pāli Terms (Taṇhā, Lobha, Dosa, Moha, etc)
Kāma Taṇhā, Bhava Taṇhā, Vibhava Taṇhā
Taṇhā – How We Attach Via Greed, Hate, and Ignorance
Lōbha, Rāga and Kāmacchanda, Kāmarāga
Lōbha, Dōsa, Mōha versus Rāga, Paṭigha, Avijjā
What is Avijjā (Ignorance)?
Indriya and Āyatana – Big Difference
Hetu-Phala, Paccuppanna, and Paṭicca Samuppāda
Diṭṭhi (Wrong Views), Sammā Diṭṭhi (Good/Correct Views)
Correct Meaning of Vacī Saṅkhāra
Panca Indriya and Panca Bala – Five Faculties and Five Powers
Kāmaccandha and Icca – Being Blinded by Cravings
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The Five Aggregates (Pañcakkhandha)
Sensory Experience, Paṭicca Samuppāda, and pañcupādānakkhandha
Two Aspects of Saññā – Beneficial and Dangerous
Overcoming Attachment to “Distorted/False Saññā” Leads to Nibbāna
Five Aggregates – Connection to Tilakkhaṇa
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Nāma & Rūpa to Nāmarūpa
Mental Aggregates
Rupa Aggregate
Viññāṇa Aggregate
Nāmarūpa Formation
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Living Dhamma
Essential Buddhism
Four Noble Truths – Suffering and Its Elimination
Introduction to Citta, Vēdanā, Saññā, Saṅkhāra, and Viññāṇa
Breath Meditation Is Addictive and Harmful in the Long Run
Viññāṇa – Consciousness Together With Future Expectations
Connection Between Saṅkhāra and Viññāṇa
Viññāna and Saṅkhāra – Connection to Paṭicca Samuppāda
Ānapānasati Eliminates Mental Stress Permanently
Ānāpāna and Satipaṭṭhāna – Fundamentals
Sati in Ānāpānasati/Satipaṭṭhāna – Two Meanings of Sati
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Living Dhamma – Overview
Living Dhamma – Introduction
Niramisa Sukha to Nibbana Suva – The Key Step
Starting on the Path Even without Belief in Rebirth
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Dhamma with Less Pāli
Buddha Dhamma for an Inquiring Mind – Part I
Root of All Suffering – Ten Immoral Actions
Is Suffering the Same as the First Noble Truth on Suffering?
Dhamma, Saṅkhāra, Sankata, Rupa, Viññāṇa, Gati, Āsava, Anusaya
Complexity of the Mind – Viññāna and Sankhāra
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Living Dhamma – Fundamentals
What Are Kilesa (Mental Impurities)? – Connection to Cetasika
Suffering in This Life – Role of Mental Impurities
Satipattana Sutta – Relevance to Suffering in This Life
How Are Gati and Kilesa Incorporated into Thoughts?
Noble Eightfold Path – Role of Sobhana Cetasika
Getting to Samadhi
Sexual Orientation – Effects of Kamma and Gathi (Sankhara)
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Mundane Sammā Samadhi
Micca Ditthi – Connection to Hethu Phala (Cause and Effect)
Suffering in This Life and Paṭicca Samuppāda
Suffering in This Life and Paṭicca Samuppāda II
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Transition to Noble Eightfold Path
Is It Necessary for a Buddhist to Eliminate Sensual Desires?
Sīla, Samādhi, Paññā to Paññā, Sīla, Samādhi
Ye Dhammā Hetuppabhavā.. and Yam Kiñci Samudaya Dhammam..
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Samādhi, Jhāna (Dhyāna), Magga Phala
Samādhi, Jhāna, Magga Phala – Introduction
Vitakka, Vicāra, Savitakka, Savicāra, and Avitakka, Avicāra
Jhānic Experience in Detail – Sāmaññaphala Sutta (DN 2)
Ascendance to Nibbāna via Jhāna (Dhyāna)
Pannāvimutti – Arahanthood without Jhāna
Mundane versus Supramundane Jhāna
Nirōdha Samāpatti, Phala Samāpatti, Jhāna, and Jhāna Samāpatti
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Mental Body – Gandhabbaya
Our Mental Body – Gandhabbaya
Gandhabba State – Evidence from Tipiṭaka
Antarābhava and Gandhabba
Ānantariya Kamma – Connection to Gandhabba
Mental Body (Gandhabbaya) – Personal Accounts
Abnormal Births Due to Gandhabba Transformations
Micchā Diṭṭhi, Gandhabba, and Sōtapanna Stage
Working of Kammā – Critical Role of Conditions
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Dhamma and Science
Dhamma and Science – Introduction
Good Explanations – Key to Weeding Out Bad Versions of Dhamma
Origin of Life
Origin of Life – There is No Traceable Origin
Human Life – A Mental Base (Gandhabba) and a Material Base (Cell)
Clarification of “Mental Body” and “Physical Body” – Different Types of “Kāya”
Four Types of Births in Buddhism
Buddhist Explanations of Conception, Abortion, and Contraception
Cloning and Gandhabba
Living Cell – How Did the First Cell Come to Existence?
Mystical Phenomena in Buddhism?
Views on Life
Origin of Life – One Creates One’s Own Future Lives
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Consciousness – A Dhamma Perspective
Buddhism – Consistencies with Science
Buddhism – Inconsistencies with Science
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Three Levels of Practice
Moral Living and Fundamentals
The Basics
Calming the Mind
Buddha Dhamma and Buddhism
Dhamma Concepts
Buddha Dhamma and Morality
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Working Towards Good Rebirths
Saṃsāric Habits, Character (Gati), and Cravings (Āsava)
Complexity of Life and the Way to Seek “Good Rebirths”
Three Kinds of Diṭṭhi, Eightfold Paths, and Samadhi
Rebirth – Connection to Suffering in the First Noble Truth
How the Buddha Described the Chance of Rebirth in the Human Realm
Kamma, Debt, and Meditation
Implications of the Rebirth Process in Daily Life and in Society
How do we Decide which View is Wrong View (Diṭṭhi)?
What Does Buddha Dhamma Say about Creator, Satan, Angels, and Demons?
Patisandhi Citta – How the Next Life is Determined According to Gathi
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Seeking Nibbāna
Aṭṭha Purisa Puggalā- Eight Noble Persons
Āsava, Anusaya, and Gati (Gathi)
The Way to Nibbana – Removal of Asavas
Kanha (Dark) and Sukka (Bright) Kamma and Kammakkhaya
Dasa Samyojana – Bonds in Rebirth Process
The Cooling Down Process (Nibbana) – How Root Causes are Removed
Why is Correct Interpretation of Anicca, Dukkha, Anatta so Important?
How to Cultivate the Noble Eightfold Path starting with Anicca, Dukkha, Anatta
Difference Between Giving Up Valuables and Losing Interest in Worthless
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Sotapanna Stage of Nibbana
Sotapanna Stage via Understanding Perception (Saññā)
Sotapanna Stage – Previous Posts
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Tables and Summaries
Pali Glossary – (A-K)
The 89 (121) Types of Citta
Rupa (Material Form) – Table
Pali Glossary – (L-Z)
Cetasika (Mental Factors)
Rupa – Generation Mechanisms
Rupa Kalāpa (Grouping of Matter)
List of “San” Words and Other Pāli Roots
Akusala Citta and Akusala Vipāka Citta
37 Factors of Enlightenment
Conditions for the Four Stages of Nibbāna
Ultimate Realities – Table
31 Realms of Existence
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Paṭicca Samuppāda
Paticca Samuppada – “Pati+ichcha”+”Sama+uppäda”
Paticca Samuppada – Overview
Paṭicca Samuppāda – Essential Concepts
Nibbāna – Rāgakkhaya Dosakkhaya Mohakkhaya – Part 1
Pañca Nīvaraṇa and Sensual Pleasures (Kāma Rāga)
What is “Käma”? It is not Sex
Icchā, Taṇhā, Kāma – Root Causes of Suffering
Jāti – Different Types of Births
Bhava – Kammic Energy That Can Power an Existence
Bhava and Punabbhava – Kammic Energy Giving Rise to Renewed Existence
Concepts of Upādāna and Upādānakkhandha
Six Root Causes – Loka Samudaya (Arising of Suffering) and Loka Nirodhaya (Nibbana)
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Kamma and Paṭicca Samuppāda
Kamma and Paṭicca Samuppāda – Introduction
Dhamma and Dhammā – Different but Related
Difference Between Dhammā and Saṅkhāra
Kāma Assāda – A Root Cause of Suffering
Gati (Habits/Character) Determine Births – Saṃsappanīya Sutta
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Paṭicca Samuppāda, Tilakkhana, Four Noble Truths
Paṭicca Samuppāda – Introduction
What Did the Buddha Mean by a “Loka”?
Future Suffering (Loka/Dukkha Samudaya) Starts With Sensory Input (Ārammaṇa)
Sotapanna – One With the “Wider Worldview” of the Buddha
Sotapannā – Just Starting on the Noble Path
Yoniso Manasikāra and Paṭicca Samuppāda
Dhamma – Different Meanings Depending on the Context
Dhammānudhamma Paṭipatti – Connection to Paṭicca Samuppāda/Tilakkhana
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Sakkāya Diṭṭhi and Paṭicca Samuppāda
Sakkāya Diṭṭhi – Wrong View of “Me” and “Mine”
What Reincarnates? – Concept of a Lifestream
Anatta and Sakkāya Diṭṭhi – Two Different Concepts
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Understanding the Terms in Paṭicca Samuppāda
Distortion of Pāli Keywords in Paṭicca Samuppāda
Saṅkhāra – Many Meanings
Viññāṇa – Two Critical Meanings
Memory, Dhammā, and Viññāṇa Dhātu
Citta Vithi – Fundamental Sensory Unit
Does any Object (Rupa) Last only 17 Thought Moments?
Pañcupādānakkhandha – Arises With an Ārammaṇa
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How Are Paṭicca Samuppāda Cycles Initiated?
Paṭicca Samuppāda Cycles
Avyākata Paṭicca Samuppāda for Vipāka Viññāṇa
Akusala-Mūla Upapatti Paṭicca Samuppāda
Uppatti Paṭicca Samuppāda (How We Create Our Own Rebirths)
Idappaccayātā Paṭicca Samuppāda
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Patilōma Paticca Samuppāda – Key to Nibbāna
Paṭicca Samuppāda in Plain English
Introduction – What is Suffering?
Introduction -2 – The Three Categories of Suffering
Avijjā paccayā sankhārā
Sankhara paccaya Vinnana – 1
Sankhara paccaya Vinnana – 2
Viññāna Paccayā Nāmarūpa
Nāmarūpa Paccayā Salāyatana
Difference between Phassa and Samphassa
Phassa paccayā Vēdanā….to Tanhā
Difference Between Taṇhā and Upādāna
Upādāna Paccayā Bhava – Two Types of Bhava
Nāmarupa, Viññāṇa, Dhammā – Closely Related
Bhava paccaya Jati….Jara, Marana,…
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Imasmim Sati Idam Hoti – What Does It Really Mean?
Paṭṭhāna Dhamma
Pattana Dhamma – Connection to Cause and Effect (Hethu Phala)
What Does “Paccayā” Mean in Paṭicca Samuppāda?
Anantara and Samanantara Paccayā
Āsēvana and Aññamañña Paccayā
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Is There a “Self”?
Recovering the Suffering-Free Pure Mind
Does “Anatta” Refer to a “Self”?
Cognition Modes – Sañjānāti, Vijānāti, Pajānāti, Abhijānāti
Anicca Nature- Chasing Worldly Pleasures Is Pointless
Aniccaṁ Vipariṇāmi Aññathābhāvi – A Critical Verse
Dukkha – Previously Unknown Truth About Suffering
Etaṁ Mama, Esohamasmi, Eso Me Attā’ti – What Does It Mean?
“Attato Samanupassati” – To View Something to be of Value
Saññā Vipallāsa – Distorted Perception
Saññā – All Our Thoughts Arise With “Distorted Saññā”
Upaya and Upādāna – Two Stages of Attachment
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Sensory Experience – Basis of Buddhā’s Worldview
Paticca Samuppāda – Not ‘Self’ or ‘No-Self’
Tanhā – The Origin of Suffering
Paṭicca Samuppāda – A “Self” Exists Due to Avijjā
Kamma, Saṅkhāra, and Abhisaṅkhāra – What Is “Intention”?
Vacī Saṅkhāra – Saṅkappa (Conscious Thoughts) and Vācā (Speech)
Tanhā Paccayā Upādāna – Critical Step in Paticca Samuppāda
Mōha/Avijjā and Vipāka Viññāṇa/Kamma Viññāṇa
Icchā (Cravings) Lead to Upādāna and to Eventual Suffering
Dhammā, Kamma, Saṅkhāra, Mind – Critical Connections
Paticca Samuppāda – From Mind to Matter
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Dhamma and Philosophy
Dhamma and Philosophy – Introduction
The Infinity Problem in Buddhism
Is Buddha Dhamma (Buddhism) a Religion?
Philosophy of the Mind
Free Will in Buddhism – Connection to Sankhara
Book Reviews
“Why Does the World Exist?” by Jim Holt
“The Language of God” by Francis Collins
“Waking Up” by Sam Harris
“Spark” by John Ratey
“The Life of the Buddha” by Bhikkhu Nānamoli
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Bhāvanā (Meditation)
Meditation – Deeper Aspects
Buddhist Theory of Matter – Fundamentals
1. Introduction to Buddhist Meditation
2. The Basics in Meditation
3. The Second Level – Key to Purify the Mind
4. What Do All These Different Meditation Techniques Mean?
5. Ariya Metta Bhāvana (Loving Kindness Meditation)
6. Anāpānasati Bhāvanā (Introduction)
7. What is Ānāpāna?
Is Ānāpānasati Breath Meditation?
8. The Basic Formal Anāpānasati Meditation
Karaniya Metta Sutta – Metta Bhavana
Possible Effects in Meditation – Kundalini Awakening
9. Key to Anapanasati – How to Change Habits and Character (Gathi)
11. Magga Phala via Cultivation of Satta Bojjhaṅga
10. Attaining the Sotāpanna Stage via Removing Ditthasava
12. Key Factors to be Considered when “Meditating” for the Sotapanna Stage
13. Kammaṭṭhāna (Recitations) for the Sotāpanna Stage
Possible Outcomes of Meditation – Samadhi, Jhana, Magga Phala
What is Samadhi? – Three Kinds of Mindfulness
How to Attain Samādhi via “Vipassanā Pubbanga Samatha” Bhāvanā
Getting to Samādhi via Formal Mediation Sessions
Are You Not Getting Expected Results from Meditation?
Anussati and Anupassanā – Being Mindful and Removing Defilements
Myths about Meditation
A Simple Way to Enhance Merits (Kusala) and Avoid Demerits (Akusala)
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Abhidhamma
Abhidhamma – Introduction
Essential Abhidhamma – The Basics
Amazingly Fast Time Evolution of a Thought (Citta)
The Amazing Mind – Critical Role of Nāmagotta (Memories)
Citta and Cetasika – How Vinnana (Consciousness) Arises
State of Mind in the Absence of Citta Vithi – Bhavanga
Bhava and Bhavaṅga – Simply Explained!
Citta Vithi – Processing of Sense Inputs
Javana of a Citta – The Root of Mental Power
Cetasika – Connection to Gati
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Mind and Consciousness
What is Mind? How do we Experience the Outside World?
What is a Thought?
What is in a Thought? Why Gati are so Important?
What is Consciousness?
1. Thoughts (Citta), Consciousness (Vinnana), and Mind (Hadaya Vatthu) – Introduction
2. Viññāṇa (Consciousness) can be of Many Different Types and Forms
3. Viññāṇa, Thoughts, and the Subconscious
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Gandhabba (Manomaya Kaya)
Gandhabba (Manomaya Kāya)- Introduction
Hidden World of the Gandhabba: Netherworld (Paralōka)
Ghost in the Machine – Synonym for the Manomaya Kaya?
Manomaya Kaya (Gandhabba) and the Physical Body
Brain – Interface between Mind and Body
Out-of-Body Experience (OBE) and Manōmaya Kāya
Cuti-Patisandhi – An Abhidhamma Description
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Abhidhamma via Science
Neuroscience says there is no Free Will? – That is a Misinterpretation!
The Double Slit Experiment – Correlation between Mind and Matter?
Vision (Cakkhu Viññāṇa) is Not Just Seeing
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Why Do People Enjoy Immoral Deeds? – Ditthi Is Key
The Origin of Matter – Suddhashtaka
Key to Sotapanna Stage – Ditthi and Vicikicca
What are Dhamma? – A Deeper Analysis
Pabhassara Citta, Radiant Mind, and Bhavaṅga
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Historical Background
Historical Background – Introduction
Counterfeit Buddhism – Current Mainstream Buddhism
Methods of Delivery of Dhamma by the Buddha
Misconceptions on the Topics the Buddha “Refused to Answer”
Misinterpretations of Buddha Dhamma
“Tipiṭaka English” Convention Adopted by Early European Scholars – Part 1
Historical Timeline of Edward Conze
Preservation of the Buddha Dhamma
Why is it Critical to Find the Pure Buddha Dhamma?
Key Problems with Mahāyāna Teachings
Saddharma Pundarika Sutra (Lotus Sutra) – A Focused Analysis
What is Suñyāta or Suññāta (Emptiness)?
Incorrect Theravada Interpretations – Historical Timeline
Buddhaghosa and Visuddhimagga – Historical Background
Tipitaka Commentaries – Helpful or Misleading?
Buddhaghosa’s Visuddhimagga – A Focused Analysis
Background on the Current Revival of Buddhism (Buddha Dhamma)
Misinterpretation of Anicca and Anatta by Early European Scholars
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Buddhist Chanting
Buddhist Chanting – Introduction
Namaskaraya – Homage to the Buddha
Sutta Chanting (with Pāli Text)
Supreme Qualities of Buddha, Dhamma, Saṅgha
The Five Precepts – Panca Sila
Sadhu – Symbolizes Purified Hadaya Vatthu (Mind)
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Dhammapada
Manōpubbangamā Dhammā..
Sabba Papassa Akaranan….
Najajja Vasalo Hoti……
Appamādō Amata Padam….
Arōgyā Paramā Lābhā..
Anicca vata Sankhara…
Attā Hi Attanō Nāthō
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Sutta Interpretations
Mahā Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta
Satipatthana Sutta – Structure
Satipatthana – Introduction
Kāyānupassanā – Section on Postures (Iriyapathapabba)
Kāyānupassanā – The Section on Habits (Sampajānapabba)
Prerequisites for the Satipaṭṭhāna Bhāvanā
What is “Kāya” in Kāyānupassanā?
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Sutta – Introduction
Pali Dictionaries – Are They Reliable?
Nikāya in the Sutta Piṭaka
Sutta Learning Sequence for the Present Day
Mahā Cattārisaka Sutta (Discourse on the Great Forty)
Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta
Majjhimā Paṭipadā – Way to Relinquish Attachments to this World
Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta – Introduction
Essence of Buddhism – In the First Sutta
Tiparivatta and Twelve Types of Ñāṇa (Knowledge)
Relinquishing Defilements via Three Rounds and Four Stages
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Anguttara Nikāya – Suttā on Key Concepts
Dasa Akusala/Dasa Kusala – Basis of Buddha Dhamma -2
Dasa Akusala/Dasa Kusala – Basis of Buddha Dhamma
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Na Cētanākaranīya Sutta
Pathama Metta Sutta
Kukkuravatika Sutta (Majjhima Nikāya 57) – Kammakkhaya
Buddhism and Evolution – Aggañña Sutta (DN 27)
Yamaka Sutta (SN 22.85) – Arahanthood Is Not Annihilation but End of Suffering
Tapussa Sutta (AN 9.41)– Akuppā Cētōvimutti
Three Types of “Bodies” – Poṭṭhapāda Sutta (DN 9)
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Myths or Realities?
Vedās Originated With Buddha Kassapa’s Teachings
Dasa Māra Senā (Mārasenā) – Ten Defilements
Animisa Locana Bodhi Poojawa – A Prelude to Acts of Gratitude
Pāramitā – How a Puthujjana Becomes a Buddha
Tisarana Vandana and Its Effects on One’s Gathi
Does the Hell (Niraya) Exist?
Can Buddhist Meditation be Dangerous?
Boy Who Remembered Pāli Suttas for 1500 Years
First Noble Truth is Suffering? Myths about Suffering
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About
Quantum Mechanics and Dhamma
Quantum Mechanics and Dhamma – Introduction
Quantum Mechanics and Consciousness
Will Quantum Mechanics Be Able to Explain Consciousness?
The Observer Effect in Quantum Mechanics
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Quantum Mechanics – A New Interpretation
What Is a Wave and What Is a Particle?
Photons Are Particles Not Waves
Basis of the Proposed Interpretation – Feynman’s Technique in QED
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Buddha Dhamma – Advanced
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Welcome!
Buddha Dhamma
User’s Guide to Pure Dhamma Website
Buddhism – In Charts
Buddha Dhamma – A Scientific Approach
Buddhahood Associated Controversies
What is Buddha Dhamma?
Foundation of Dhamma
The Importance of Purifying the Mind
The Grand Unified Theory of Dhamma
Buddha Dhamma: Non-Perceivability and Self-Consistency
Samsāric Time Scale, Buddhist Cosmology, and the Big Bang Theory
Evidence for Rebirth
Power of the Human Mind
Transfer of Merits (Pattidāna) – How Does it Happen?
Vinaya – The Nature Likes to be in Equilibrium
Elephants in the Room
Word-for-Word Translation of the Tipiṭaka
“Elephant in the Room” – Direct Translation of the Tipiṭaka
Niddesa (Brief Description) of Paṭicca Samuppāda
Paṭicca Samuppāda During a Lifetime
Often Mistranslated Pāli Keywords
Elephant in the Room 2 – Jhāna and Kasiṇa
“Jānato Passato” and Ājāniya – Critical Words to Remember
Samādhi, Jhāna, and Sammā Samādhi
Jhāna, Jhāya, and Jhāyi – Different Meanings
Jhāna – Finer Details
Sammā Samādhi – How to Define It?
Ariya Jhāna and Anariya Jhāna – Main Differences
Elephant in the Room 3 – Ānāpānasati
Ānāpānasati – Overview
Assāsa Passāsa – What Do They Mean?
Ānāpānasati Not About Breath – Icchānaṅgala Sutta
Mahārāhulovāda Sutta and Ānāpānasati
Elephant in the Room 4 – Gandhabba/Manomaya Kāya
Does Gandhabba Mean “Semen”?
Key Dhamma Concepts
Basic Framework of Buddha Dhamma
Buddha Dhamma – Noble Truths, Paṭicca Samuppāda, Tilakkhaṇa
Noble Truths, Paṭicca Samuppāda, Tilakkhana – Key Relationships
Anicca Nature, the First Noble Truth, and Paṭicca Samuppāda
Tilakkhaṇa – Introduction
San – A Critical Pāli Root
What is “San”? Meaning of Sansāra (or Saṃsāra)
Sankhāra, Kamma, Kamma Bīja, Kamma Vipāka
Sankhara – Life is a Bundle of Sankhara
Kamma are Done with Saṅkhāra – Types of Saṅkhāra
Nibbāna
Nibbana “Exists”, but Not in This World
Nibbana – Is it Difficult to Understand?
The Four Stages in Attaining Nibbāna
What Are Rūpa? (Relation to Nibbāna)
Nirāmisa Sukha
Does the First Noble Truth Describe only Suffering?
Nirödha and Vaya – Two Different Concepts
Anicca, Dukkha, Anatta
Anicca, Dukkha, Anatta – Distortion Timeline
Anicca, Dukkha, Anatta – Wrong Interpretations
Anatta and Dukkha – True Meanings
Anicca, Dukkha, Anatta – According to Some Key Suttas
Anicca – True Meaning
Anattā – A Systematic Analysis
Tilakkhaṇa – English Discourses
The Way to Nibbāna – Transcription of a Discourse by Waharaka Thero
Sotāpanna Stage and Tilakkhaṇa
Why are Tilakkhaṇa not Included in 37 Factors of Enlightenment?
Two Versions of 37 Factors of Enlightenment
Types of Bodies in 31 Realms – Connection to Jhāna
Finest Manōmaya Kaya of an Arūpāvacara Brahma
Gati, Bhava, and Jāti
Namagotta, Bhava, Kamma Bīja, and Mano Loka (Mind Plane)
Gati and Bhava – Many Varieties
Gathi to Bhava to Jathi – Ours to Control
Memory, Brain, Mind, Nama Loka, Kamma Bhava, Kamma Vipāka
Bhava and Jāti – States of Existence and Births Therein
Cuti and Marana – Related to Bhava and Jāti
Anusaya, Gati, Bhava – Connection to Manomaya Kāya (Gandhabba)
Pāpa Kamma Versus Akusala Kamma
Sorting out Some Key Pāli Terms (Taṇhā, Lobha, Dosa, Moha, etc)
Kāma Taṇhā, Bhava Taṇhā, Vibhava Taṇhā
Taṇhā – How We Attach Via Greed, Hate, and Ignorance
Lōbha, Rāga and Kāmacchanda, Kāmarāga
Lōbha, Dōsa, Mōha versus Rāga, Paṭigha, Avijjā
What is Avijjā (Ignorance)?
Indriya and Āyatana – Big Difference
Hetu-Phala, Paccuppanna, and Paṭicca Samuppāda
Diṭṭhi (Wrong Views), Sammā Diṭṭhi (Good/Correct Views)
Correct Meaning of Vacī Saṅkhāra
Panca Indriya and Panca Bala – Five Faculties and Five Powers
Kāmaccandha and Icca – Being Blinded by Cravings
The Five Aggregates (Pañcakkhandha)
Sensory Experience, Paṭicca Samuppāda, and pañcupādānakkhandha
Two Aspects of Saññā – Beneficial and Dangerous
Overcoming Attachment to “Distorted/False Saññā” Leads to Nibbāna
Five Aggregates – Connection to Tilakkhaṇa
Nāma & Rūpa to Nāmarūpa
Mental Aggregates
Rupa Aggregate
Viññāṇa Aggregate
Nāmarūpa Formation
Living Dhamma
Essential Buddhism
Four Noble Truths – Suffering and Its Elimination
Introduction to Citta, Vēdanā, Saññā, Saṅkhāra, and Viññāṇa
Breath Meditation Is Addictive and Harmful in the Long Run
Viññāṇa – Consciousness Together With Future Expectations
Connection Between Saṅkhāra and Viññāṇa
Viññāna and Saṅkhāra – Connection to Paṭicca Samuppāda
Ānapānasati Eliminates Mental Stress Permanently
Ānāpāna and Satipaṭṭhāna – Fundamentals
Sati in Ānāpānasati/Satipaṭṭhāna – Two Meanings of Sati
Living Dhamma – Overview
Living Dhamma – Introduction
Niramisa Sukha to Nibbana Suva – The Key Step
Starting on the Path Even without Belief in Rebirth
Dhamma with Less Pāli
Buddha Dhamma for an Inquiring Mind – Part I
Root of All Suffering – Ten Immoral Actions
Is Suffering the Same as the First Noble Truth on Suffering?
Dhamma, Saṅkhāra, Sankata, Rupa, Viññāṇa, Gati, Āsava, Anusaya
Complexity of the Mind – Viññāna and Sankhāra
Living Dhamma – Fundamentals
What Are Kilesa (Mental Impurities)? – Connection to Cetasika
Suffering in This Life – Role of Mental Impurities
Satipattana Sutta – Relevance to Suffering in This Life
How Are Gati and Kilesa Incorporated into Thoughts?
Noble Eightfold Path – Role of Sobhana Cetasika
Getting to Samadhi
Sexual Orientation – Effects of Kamma and Gathi (Sankhara)
Mundane Sammā Samadhi
Micca Ditthi – Connection to Hethu Phala (Cause and Effect)
Suffering in This Life and Paṭicca Samuppāda
Suffering in This Life and Paṭicca Samuppāda II
Transition to Noble Eightfold Path
Is It Necessary for a Buddhist to Eliminate Sensual Desires?
Sīla, Samādhi, Paññā to Paññā, Sīla, Samādhi
Ye Dhammā Hetuppabhavā.. and Yam Kiñci Samudaya Dhammam..
Samādhi, Jhāna (Dhyāna), Magga Phala
Samādhi, Jhāna, Magga Phala – Introduction
Vitakka, Vicāra, Savitakka, Savicāra, and Avitakka, Avicāra
Jhānic Experience in Detail – Sāmaññaphala Sutta (DN 2)
Ascendance to Nibbāna via Jhāna (Dhyāna)
Pannāvimutti – Arahanthood without Jhāna
Mundane versus Supramundane Jhāna
Nirōdha Samāpatti, Phala Samāpatti, Jhāna, and Jhāna Samāpatti
Mental Body – Gandhabbaya
Our Mental Body – Gandhabbaya
Gandhabba State – Evidence from Tipiṭaka
Antarābhava and Gandhabba
Ānantariya Kamma – Connection to Gandhabba
Mental Body (Gandhabbaya) – Personal Accounts
Abnormal Births Due to Gandhabba Transformations
Micchā Diṭṭhi, Gandhabba, and Sōtapanna Stage
Working of Kammā – Critical Role of Conditions
Dhamma and Science
Dhamma and Science – Introduction
Good Explanations – Key to Weeding Out Bad Versions of Dhamma
Origin of Life
Origin of Life – There is No Traceable Origin
Human Life – A Mental Base (Gandhabba) and a Material Base (Cell)
Clarification of “Mental Body” and “Physical Body” – Different Types of “Kāya”
Four Types of Births in Buddhism
Buddhist Explanations of Conception, Abortion, and Contraception
Cloning and Gandhabba
Living Cell – How Did the First Cell Come to Existence?
Mystical Phenomena in Buddhism?
Views on Life
Origin of Life – One Creates One’s Own Future Lives
Consciousness – A Dhamma Perspective
Buddhism – Consistencies with Science
Buddhism – Inconsistencies with Science
Three Levels of Practice
Moral Living and Fundamentals
The Basics
Calming the Mind
Buddha Dhamma and Buddhism
Dhamma Concepts
Buddha Dhamma and Morality
Working Towards Good Rebirths
Saṃsāric Habits, Character (Gati), and Cravings (Āsava)
Complexity of Life and the Way to Seek “Good Rebirths”
Three Kinds of Diṭṭhi, Eightfold Paths, and Samadhi
Rebirth – Connection to Suffering in the First Noble Truth
How the Buddha Described the Chance of Rebirth in the Human Realm
Kamma, Debt, and Meditation
Implications of the Rebirth Process in Daily Life and in Society
How do we Decide which View is Wrong View (Diṭṭhi)?
What Does Buddha Dhamma Say about Creator, Satan, Angels, and Demons?
Patisandhi Citta – How the Next Life is Determined According to Gathi
Seeking Nibbāna
Aṭṭha Purisa Puggalā- Eight Noble Persons
Āsava, Anusaya, and Gati (Gathi)
The Way to Nibbana – Removal of Asavas
Kanha (Dark) and Sukka (Bright) Kamma and Kammakkhaya
Dasa Samyojana – Bonds in Rebirth Process
The Cooling Down Process (Nibbana) – How Root Causes are Removed
Why is Correct Interpretation of Anicca, Dukkha, Anatta so Important?
How to Cultivate the Noble Eightfold Path starting with Anicca, Dukkha, Anatta
Difference Between Giving Up Valuables and Losing Interest in Worthless
Sotapanna Stage of Nibbana
Sotapanna Stage via Understanding Perception (Saññā)
Sotapanna Stage – Previous Posts
Tables and Summaries
Pali Glossary – (A-K)
The 89 (121) Types of Citta
Rupa (Material Form) – Table
Pali Glossary – (L-Z)
Cetasika (Mental Factors)
Rupa – Generation Mechanisms
Rupa Kalāpa (Grouping of Matter)
List of “San” Words and Other Pāli Roots
Akusala Citta and Akusala Vipāka Citta
37 Factors of Enlightenment
Conditions for the Four Stages of Nibbāna
Ultimate Realities – Table
31 Realms of Existence
Paṭicca Samuppāda
Paticca Samuppada – “Pati+ichcha”+”Sama+uppäda”
Paticca Samuppada – Overview
Paṭicca Samuppāda – Essential Concepts
Nibbāna – Rāgakkhaya Dosakkhaya Mohakkhaya – Part 1
Pañca Nīvaraṇa and Sensual Pleasures (Kāma Rāga)
What is “Käma”? It is not Sex
Icchā, Taṇhā, Kāma – Root Causes of Suffering
Jāti – Different Types of Births
Bhava – Kammic Energy That Can Power an Existence
Bhava and Punabbhava – Kammic Energy Giving Rise to Renewed Existence
Concepts of Upādāna and Upādānakkhandha
Six Root Causes – Loka Samudaya (Arising of Suffering) and Loka Nirodhaya (Nibbana)
Kamma and Paṭicca Samuppāda
Kamma and Paṭicca Samuppāda – Introduction
Dhamma and Dhammā – Different but Related
Difference Between Dhammā and Saṅkhāra
Kāma Assāda – A Root Cause of Suffering
Gati (Habits/Character) Determine Births – Saṃsappanīya Sutta
Paṭicca Samuppāda, Tilakkhana, Four Noble Truths
Paṭicca Samuppāda – Introduction
What Did the Buddha Mean by a “Loka”?
Future Suffering (Loka/Dukkha Samudaya) Starts With Sensory Input (Ārammaṇa)
Sotapanna – One With the “Wider Worldview” of the Buddha
Sotapannā – Just Starting on the Noble Path
Yoniso Manasikāra and Paṭicca Samuppāda
Dhamma – Different Meanings Depending on the Context
Dhammānudhamma Paṭipatti – Connection to Paṭicca Samuppāda/Tilakkhana
Sakkāya Diṭṭhi and Paṭicca Samuppāda
Sakkāya Diṭṭhi – Wrong View of “Me” and “Mine”
What Reincarnates? – Concept of a Lifestream
Anatta and Sakkāya Diṭṭhi – Two Different Concepts
Understanding the Terms in Paṭicca Samuppāda
Distortion of Pāli Keywords in Paṭicca Samuppāda
Saṅkhāra – Many Meanings
Viññāṇa – Two Critical Meanings
Memory, Dhammā, and Viññāṇa Dhātu
Citta Vithi – Fundamental Sensory Unit
Does any Object (Rupa) Last only 17 Thought Moments?
Pañcupādānakkhandha – Arises With an Ārammaṇa
How Are Paṭicca Samuppāda Cycles Initiated?
Paṭicca Samuppāda Cycles
Avyākata Paṭicca Samuppāda for Vipāka Viññāṇa
Akusala-Mūla Upapatti Paṭicca Samuppāda
Uppatti Paṭicca Samuppāda (How We Create Our Own Rebirths)
Idappaccayātā Paṭicca Samuppāda
Patilōma Paticca Samuppāda – Key to Nibbāna
Paṭicca Samuppāda in Plain English
Introduction – What is Suffering?
Introduction -2 – The Three Categories of Suffering
Avijjā paccayā sankhārā
Sankhara paccaya Vinnana – 1
Sankhara paccaya Vinnana – 2
Viññāna Paccayā Nāmarūpa
Nāmarūpa Paccayā Salāyatana
Difference between Phassa and Samphassa
Phassa paccayā Vēdanā….to Tanhā
Difference Between Taṇhā and Upādāna
Upādāna Paccayā Bhava – Two Types of Bhava
Nāmarupa, Viññāṇa, Dhammā – Closely Related
Bhava paccaya Jati….Jara, Marana,…
Imasmim Sati Idam Hoti – What Does It Really Mean?
Paṭṭhāna Dhamma
Pattana Dhamma – Connection to Cause and Effect (Hethu Phala)
What Does “Paccayā” Mean in Paṭicca Samuppāda?
Anantara and Samanantara Paccayā
Āsēvana and Aññamañña Paccayā
Is There a “Self”?
Recovering the Suffering-Free Pure Mind
Does “Anatta” Refer to a “Self”?
Cognition Modes – Sañjānāti, Vijānāti, Pajānāti, Abhijānāti
Anicca Nature- Chasing Worldly Pleasures Is Pointless
Aniccaṁ Vipariṇāmi Aññathābhāvi – A Critical Verse
Dukkha – Previously Unknown Truth About Suffering
Etaṁ Mama, Esohamasmi, Eso Me Attā’ti – What Does It Mean?
“Attato Samanupassati” – To View Something to be of Value
Saññā Vipallāsa – Distorted Perception
Saññā – All Our Thoughts Arise With “Distorted Saññā”
Upaya and Upādāna – Two Stages of Attachment
Sensory Experience – Basis of Buddhā’s Worldview
Paticca Samuppāda – Not ‘Self’ or ‘No-Self’
Tanhā – The Origin of Suffering
Paṭicca Samuppāda – A “Self” Exists Due to Avijjā
Kamma, Saṅkhāra, and Abhisaṅkhāra – What Is “Intention”?
Vacī Saṅkhāra – Saṅkappa (Conscious Thoughts) and Vācā (Speech)
Tanhā Paccayā Upādāna – Critical Step in Paticca Samuppāda
Mōha/Avijjā and Vipāka Viññāṇa/Kamma Viññāṇa
Icchā (Cravings) Lead to Upādāna and to Eventual Suffering
Dhammā, Kamma, Saṅkhāra, Mind – Critical Connections
Paticca Samuppāda – From Mind to Matter
Dhamma and Philosophy
Dhamma and Philosophy – Introduction
The Infinity Problem in Buddhism
Is Buddha Dhamma (Buddhism) a Religion?
Philosophy of the Mind
Free Will in Buddhism – Connection to Sankhara
Book Reviews
“Why Does the World Exist?” by Jim Holt
“The Language of God” by Francis Collins
“Waking Up” by Sam Harris
“Spark” by John Ratey
“The Life of the Buddha” by Bhikkhu Nānamoli
Bhāvanā (Meditation)
Meditation – Deeper Aspects
Buddhist Theory of Matter – Fundamentals
1. Introduction to Buddhist Meditation
2. The Basics in Meditation
3. The Second Level – Key to Purify the Mind
4. What Do All These Different Meditation Techniques Mean?
5. Ariya Metta Bhāvana (Loving Kindness Meditation)
6. Anāpānasati Bhāvanā (Introduction)
7. What is Ānāpāna?
Is Ānāpānasati Breath Meditation?
8. The Basic Formal Anāpānasati Meditation
Karaniya Metta Sutta – Metta Bhavana
Possible Effects in Meditation – Kundalini Awakening
9. Key to Anapanasati – How to Change Habits and Character (Gathi)
11. Magga Phala via Cultivation of Satta Bojjhaṅga
10. Attaining the Sotāpanna Stage via Removing Ditthasava
12. Key Factors to be Considered when “Meditating” for the Sotapanna Stage
13. Kammaṭṭhāna (Recitations) for the Sotāpanna Stage
Possible Outcomes of Meditation – Samadhi, Jhana, Magga Phala
What is Samadhi? – Three Kinds of Mindfulness
How to Attain Samādhi via “Vipassanā Pubbanga Samatha” Bhāvanā
Getting to Samādhi via Formal Mediation Sessions
Are You Not Getting Expected Results from Meditation?
Anussati and Anupassanā – Being Mindful and Removing Defilements
Myths about Meditation
A Simple Way to Enhance Merits (Kusala) and Avoid Demerits (Akusala)
Abhidhamma
Abhidhamma – Introduction
Essential Abhidhamma – The Basics
Amazingly Fast Time Evolution of a Thought (Citta)
The Amazing Mind – Critical Role of Nāmagotta (Memories)
Citta and Cetasika – How Vinnana (Consciousness) Arises
State of Mind in the Absence of Citta Vithi – Bhavanga
Bhava and Bhavaṅga – Simply Explained!
Citta Vithi – Processing of Sense Inputs
Javana of a Citta – The Root of Mental Power
Cetasika – Connection to Gati
Mind and Consciousness
What is Mind? How do we Experience the Outside World?
What is a Thought?
What is in a Thought? Why Gati are so Important?
What is Consciousness?
1. Thoughts (Citta), Consciousness (Vinnana), and Mind (Hadaya Vatthu) – Introduction
2. Viññāṇa (Consciousness) can be of Many Different Types and Forms
3. Viññāṇa, Thoughts, and the Subconscious
Gandhabba (Manomaya Kaya)
Gandhabba (Manomaya Kāya)- Introduction
Hidden World of the Gandhabba: Netherworld (Paralōka)
Ghost in the Machine – Synonym for the Manomaya Kaya?
Manomaya Kaya (Gandhabba) and the Physical Body
Brain – Interface between Mind and Body
Out-of-Body Experience (OBE) and Manōmaya Kāya
Cuti-Patisandhi – An Abhidhamma Description
Abhidhamma via Science
Neuroscience says there is no Free Will? – That is a Misinterpretation!
The Double Slit Experiment – Correlation between Mind and Matter?
Vision (Cakkhu Viññāṇa) is Not Just Seeing
Why Do People Enjoy Immoral Deeds? – Ditthi Is Key
The Origin of Matter – Suddhashtaka
Key to Sotapanna Stage – Ditthi and Vicikicca
What are Dhamma? – A Deeper Analysis
Pabhassara Citta, Radiant Mind, and Bhavaṅga
Historical Background
Historical Background – Introduction
Counterfeit Buddhism – Current Mainstream Buddhism
Methods of Delivery of Dhamma by the Buddha
Misconceptions on the Topics the Buddha “Refused to Answer”
Misinterpretations of Buddha Dhamma
“Tipiṭaka English” Convention Adopted by Early European Scholars – Part 1
Historical Timeline of Edward Conze
Preservation of the Buddha Dhamma
Why is it Critical to Find the Pure Buddha Dhamma?
Key Problems with Mahāyāna Teachings
Saddharma Pundarika Sutra (Lotus Sutra) – A Focused Analysis
What is Suñyāta or Suññāta (Emptiness)?
Incorrect Theravada Interpretations – Historical Timeline
Buddhaghosa and Visuddhimagga – Historical Background
Tipitaka Commentaries – Helpful or Misleading?
Buddhaghosa’s Visuddhimagga – A Focused Analysis
Background on the Current Revival of Buddhism (Buddha Dhamma)
Misinterpretation of Anicca and Anatta by Early European Scholars
Buddhist Chanting
Buddhist Chanting – Introduction
Namaskaraya – Homage to the Buddha
Sutta Chanting (with Pāli Text)
Supreme Qualities of Buddha, Dhamma, Saṅgha
The Five Precepts – Panca Sila
Sadhu – Symbolizes Purified Hadaya Vatthu (Mind)
Dhammapada
Manōpubbangamā Dhammā..
Sabba Papassa Akaranan….
Najajja Vasalo Hoti……
Appamādō Amata Padam….
Arōgyā Paramā Lābhā..
Anicca vata Sankhara…
Attā Hi Attanō Nāthō
Sutta Interpretations
Mahā Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta
Satipatthana Sutta – Structure
Satipatthana – Introduction
Kāyānupassanā – Section on Postures (Iriyapathapabba)
Kāyānupassanā – The Section on Habits (Sampajānapabba)
Prerequisites for the Satipaṭṭhāna Bhāvanā
What is “Kāya” in Kāyānupassanā?
Sutta – Introduction
Pali Dictionaries – Are They Reliable?
Nikāya in the Sutta Piṭaka
Sutta Learning Sequence for the Present Day
Mahā Cattārisaka Sutta (Discourse on the Great Forty)
Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta
Majjhimā Paṭipadā – Way to Relinquish Attachments to this World
Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta – Introduction
Essence of Buddhism – In the First Sutta
Tiparivatta and Twelve Types of Ñāṇa (Knowledge)
Relinquishing Defilements via Three Rounds and Four Stages
Anguttara Nikāya – Suttā on Key Concepts
Dasa Akusala/Dasa Kusala – Basis of Buddha Dhamma -2
Dasa Akusala/Dasa Kusala – Basis of Buddha Dhamma
Na Cētanākaranīya Sutta
Pathama Metta Sutta
Kukkuravatika Sutta (Majjhima Nikāya 57) – Kammakkhaya
Buddhism and Evolution – Aggañña Sutta (DN 27)
Yamaka Sutta (SN 22.85) – Arahanthood Is Not Annihilation but End of Suffering
Tapussa Sutta (AN 9.41)– Akuppā Cētōvimutti
Three Types of “Bodies” – Poṭṭhapāda Sutta (DN 9)
Myths or Realities?
Vedās Originated With Buddha Kassapa’s Teachings
Dasa Māra Senā (Mārasenā) – Ten Defilements
Animisa Locana Bodhi Poojawa – A Prelude to Acts of Gratitude
Pāramitā – How a Puthujjana Becomes a Buddha
Tisarana Vandana and Its Effects on One’s Gathi
Does the Hell (Niraya) Exist?
Can Buddhist Meditation be Dangerous?
Boy Who Remembered Pāli Suttas for 1500 Years
First Noble Truth is Suffering? Myths about Suffering
Forums
About
Quantum Mechanics and Dhamma
Quantum Mechanics and Dhamma – Introduction
Quantum Mechanics and Consciousness
Will Quantum Mechanics Be Able to Explain Consciousness?
The Observer Effect in Quantum Mechanics
Quantum Mechanics – A New Interpretation
What Is a Wave and What Is a Particle?
Photons Are Particles Not Waves
Basis of the Proposed Interpretation – Feynman’s Technique in QED
Buddha Dhamma – Advanced
Reply To: Diwali experience
November 13, 2023 at 6:04 am
#46793
Lal
Keymaster
Yes. Quite true.
