Sometimes the sutta’s describe a fire-element, earth-element, water-element, wind-element and sometimes also space element (and i belief i have read somewhere also a consciousness element).
Those elements, i belief these are also formed, dependend arising.
What is the cause or condition for their arising? Do these elements exist for very long periods of time or very short?
Everything in this world can be presented in several different ways:
patavi, apo , tejo, vayo, akasa (space), and vinnana. The first four are called earth, water, fire, and air, but that is not really correct; see #7 of: “The Origin of Matter – Suddhāshtaka“.
Five aggregates.
12 ayatana.
In Abhidhamma: rupa, citta, cetasika.
Yes. Those rupa arise as suddhashtaka, as explained in the above post.