Reply To: Suddhāṭṭhaka October 4, 2023 at 11:14 am #46333 Tobias GParticipant Thanks Lal! Bhikkhu Bodhi says a pure octad is a kalāpa. Also in §9 same page he mentions 4 modes of origin of rupa: kamma, citta, utu, ahara. Can you explain those modes? How can the link to javana citta be understood?