Pure Dhamma

A Quest to Recover Buddha's True Teachings
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  • Buddha Dhamma
    • User’s Guide to Pure Dhamma Website
    • What is Buddha Dhamma?
    • Foundation of Dhamma
    • The Importance of Purifying the Mind
    • The Grand Unified Theory of Dhamma
      • The Grand Unified Theory of Dhamma – Introduction
      • Our Two Worlds : Material and Mental
      • 31 Realms Associated with the Earth
      • Gandhabbaya – Only in Human and Animal Realms
      • Body Types in 31 Realms – Importance of Manomaya Kaya
      • Gandhabbaya Sensing the World – With and Without a Physical Body
      • Nibbana in the Big Picture
      • Close
    • Buddha Dhamma: Non-Perceivability and Self-Consistency
    • Sansaric Time Scale
    • Evidence for Rebirth
    • Power of the Human Mind
      • Power of the Human Mind – Introduction
      • Difference Between Jhana and Stages of Nibbana
      • Power of the Human Mind – Anariya or Mundane Jhanas
      • Power of the Human Mind – Ariya Jhanas
      • Are There Procedures for Attaining Magga Phala, Jhana and Abhinna?
      • Close
    • Transfer of Merits (Pattidana) – How Does it Happen?
    • First Noble Truth is Suffering? Myths about Suffering
    • Vinaya – The Nature Likes to be in Equilibrium
    • Close
  • Key Dhamma Concepts
    • San
      • What is “San”? Meaning of Sansāra (or Samsāra)
      • Sankhāra, Kamma, Kamma Beeja, Kamma Vipāka
      • Sankhara – Life is a Bundle of Sankhara
      • Difference Between Dhamma and Sankhara
      • Sankhāra and Kammā, Viññāna and Kamma Beeja
    • Nibbana
      • Nibbana – Is it Difficult to Understand?
      • The Four Stages in Attaining Nibbana
      • What Are Rupa? (Relation to Nibbana)
      • Nirāmisa Sukha
      • Does the First Noble Truth Describe only Suffering?
      • Nirödha and Vaya – Two Different Concepts
      • Nibbana “Exists”, but Not in This World
    • Anicca, Dukkha, Anatta
      • Anicca, Dukkha, Anatta – Wrong Interpretations
      • Anicca – True Meaning
        • Anicca – Inability to Maintain Anything
        • Anicca – Repeated Arising/Destruction
        • Anicca – Worthlessness of Worldly Things
      • Anatta and Dukkha – True Meanings
      • Anatta – the Opposite of Which Atta?
      • Dasa Akusala and Anatta – The Critical Link
      • How to Cultivate the Anicca Sanna
      • How to Cultivate the Anicca Sanna – II
      • Anicca, Dukkha, Anatta – According to Some Key Suttas
      • If Everything is Anicca Should We Just give up Everything?
      • Why are Tilakkhana not Included in 37 Factors of Enlightenment?
      • Two Versions of 37 Factors of Enlightenment
      • The Incessant Distress (“Peleema”) – Key to Dukkha Sacca
    • Gathi, Bhava, and Jati
      • Nama Gotta, Bhava, Kamma Beeja, and Mano Thalaya (Mind Plane)
      • Gathi and Bhava – Many Varieties
      • Gathi to Bhava to Jathi – Ours to Control
      • Memory, Brain, Mind, Nama Loka, Kamma Bhava, Kamma Vipaka
      • Bhava and Jati – States of Existence and Births Therein
    • Sorting out Some Key Pali Terms (Tanha, Lobha, Dosa, Moha, etc)
      • Kāma Tanhā, Bhava Tanhā, Vibhava Tanhā
      • Tanha – How We Attach Via Greed, Hate, and Ignorance
      • Lobha, Raga and Kamachanda, Kamaraga
      • Lobha,Dosa, Moha versus Raga, Patigha, Avijja
      • What is Avijja (Ignorance)?
      • Indriya and Ayatana – Big Difference
      • Hetu-Phala, Paccuppanna, and Paticca Samuppada
      • Ditthi (Wrong Views), Samma Ditthi (Good/Correct Views)
      • Correct Meaning of Vaci Sankhara
    • The Five Aggregates (Pancakkhandha)
      • Five Aggregates – Introduction
      • Sanna (Perception)
      • Vedana (Feelings)
      • Vēdanā (Feelings) Arise in Two Ways
      • Vinnana (Consciousness)
      • Rupa (Material Form)
      • Pancakkhandha or Five Aggregates – A Misinterpreted Concept
      • Pancaupadanakkhandha – It is All Mental
    • Close
  • Living Dhamma
    • Living Dhamma – Overview
      • Living Dhamma – Introduction
      • Niramisa Sukha to Nibbana Suva – The Key Step
      • Starting on the Path Even without Belief in Rebirth
      • Close
    • Living Dhamma – Fundamentals
      • What Are Kilesa (Mental Impurities)? – Connection to Cetasika
      • Suffering in This Life – Role of Mental Impurities
      • Satipattana Sutta – Relevance to Suffering in This Life
      • How Are Gathi and Kilesa Incorporated into Thoughts?
      • Noble Eightfold Path – Role of Sobhana Cetasika
      • Getting to Samadhi
      • Sexual Orientation – Effects of Kamma and Gathi (Sankhara)
      • Close
    • Mundane Samma Samadhi
      • Micca Ditthi – Connection to Hethu Phala (Cause and Effect)
      • Suffering in This Life and Paticca Samuppada
      • Suffering in This Life and Paticca Samuppada II
      • Close
    • Transition to Noble Eightfold Path
      • Sīla, Samādhi, Pannā to Pannā, sīla, Samādhi
      • Samādhi, Jhāna (Dhyāna), Magga Phala
        • Samādhi, Jhāna, Magga Phala – Introduction
        • Ascendance to Nibbāna via Jhāna (Dhyāna)
        • Mundane versus Supramundane Jhāna
        • Close
      • Close
    • Mental Body – Gandhabbaya
      • Our Mental Body – Gandhabbaya
      • Gandhabba State – Evidence from Tipitaka
      • Antarabhava and Gandhabba
      • Mental Body (Gandhabbaya) – Personal Accounts
      • Abnormal Births Due to Gandhabba Transformations
      • Satara Āhāra for Mental Body or Gandhabba
      • Micca Ditthi, Gandhabba, and Sotapanna Stage
      • Working of Kammā – Critical Role of Conditions
      • Close
    • Nāma & Rūpa to Nāmarūpa
      • Mental Aggregates
        • What is Sañña (Perception)?
          • Sanna – What It Really Means
          • Future Suffering – Why It Arises
          • Ditthi, Sanna, and Sankhara – How They Relate
          • Close
        • What Is Vedana (Feelings)?
          • Vedana – What It Really Means
          • Close
        • Sankhara – What It Really Means
        • Close
      • Rupa Aggregate
        • What are rūpa? – Dhamma are rūpa too!
        • Close
      • Viññāna – What It Really Means
      • Close
    • Close
  • Dhamma and Science
    • Dhamma and Science – Introduction
    • Good Explanations – Key to Weeding Out Bad Versions of Dhamma
    • Consciousness – A Dhamma Perspective
      • Consciousness Dependence on Number of Dimensions
      • Six Kinds of Consciousness in Our 3-D World
      • Expanding “Consciousness” by Using Technology
      • Expanding “Consciousness” by Purifying the Mind
      • What is Mind? How do we Experience the Outside World?
    • Consistencies with Science
      • Second Law of Thermodynamics is Part of Anicca!
      • Quantum Entanglement – We Are All Connected
      • Infinity – How Big Is It?
      • Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorem
      • Truine Brain: How the Mind Rewires the Brain via Meditation/Habits
      • How Habits are Formed and Broken – A Scientific View
    • Close
  • Three Levels of Practice
    • Moral Living and Fundamentals
      • The Basics
        • The Pale Blue Dot……..
        • The Law of Attraction, Habits, Character (Gathi), and Cravings (Asavas)
        • Habits, Goals, and Character (Gathi)
        • Wrong Views (Micca Ditthi) – A Simpler Analysis
        • Four Noble Truths: Recipe for Problem Solving
        • First Noble Truth – A Simple Explanation of One Aspect
        • Difference between a Wish and a Determination (Paramita)
        • Close
      • Calming the Mind
        • Key to Calming the Mind – The Five Hindrances
        • Solution to a Wandering Mind – Abandon Everything?
        • Right Speech – How to Avoid Accumulating Kamma
        • Three Kinds of Happiness – What is Niramisa Sukha?
        • Learning Buddha Dhamma Leads to Niramisa Sukha
        • How to Taste Nibbana
        • Need to Experience Suffering in Order to Understand it?
        • Does Impermanence Lead to Suffering?
        • Close
      • Buddha Dhamma and Buddhism
        • What is Unique in Buddha Dhamma?
        • A Buddhist or a Bhauddhaya?
        • Where to Start on the Path?
        • What Reincarnates? – Concept of a Lifestream
        • Recent Evidence for Unbroken Memory Records (HSAM)
        • Buddhism without Rebirth and Nibbana?
        • Close
      • Dhamma Concepts
        • Ten Immoral Actions (Dasa Akusala)
        • Ten Moral Actions (Dasa Kusala) and Ten Meritorious Actions (Punna Kriya)
        • The Five Precepts – What the Buddha Meant by Them
        • What is Kamma? – Is Everything Determined by Kamma?
        • How to Evaluate Weights of Different Kamma
        • The Four Bases of Mental Power (Satara Iddhipada)
        • Why is it Necessary to Learn Key Pali Words?
        • Close
      • Buddha Dhamma and Morality
        • Origin of Morality (and Immorality) in Buddhism
        • What does Buddha Dhamma (Buddhism) say about Birth Control?
        • Is Eating Meat an Akusala Kamma (Immoral Deed)?
        • Do Things Just Happen? – The Hidden Causes
        • Close
      • Close
    • Working Towards Good Rebirths
      • Sansaric Habits, Character (Gathi), and Cravings (Asava)
      • Vagaries of Life and the Way to Seek “Good Rebirths”
      • How to Avoid Birth in the Apayas
      • How the Buddha Described the Chance of Rebirth in the Human Realm
      • Kamma, Debt, and Meditation
      • How do we Decide which View is Wrong View (Ditthi)?
      • Three Kinds of Ditthi, Eightfold Paths, and Samadhi
      • Implications of the Rebirth Process in Daily Life and in Society
      • What Does Buddha Dhamma Say about Creator, Satan, Angels, and Demons?
      • Patisandhi Citta – How the Next Life is Determined According to Gathi
      • Close
    • Seeking Nibbana
      • Sotapanna Stage of Nibbana
        • The Sotapanna Stage
        • Why a Sotapanna is Better off than any King, Emperor, or a Billionaire
        • Myths about the Sotapanna Stage
        • Sotapanna Magga Anugami and a Sotapanna
        • Four Conditions for Attaining Sōtapanna Magga/Phala
        • Sakkaya Ditthi is Personality (Me) View?
        • How Does One Know whether the Sotapanna Stage is Reached?
        • Akusala Citta – How a Sotapanna Avoids Apayagami Citta
        • What is the only Akusala Removed by a Sotapanna?
        • Udayavaya Nana
          • Udayavaya Nana – Introduction
          • Nibbatti Lakkhana in Udayavaya Nana
          • Ahara (Food) in Udayavaya Nana
          • Udayavaya Nana – Importance of the Cittaja Kaya
          • Close
        • Close
      • Gathi (Character), Anusaya (Latent Defilements), and Asava (Cravings)
      • The Way to Nibbana – Removal of Asavas
      • The Cooling Down Process (Nibbana) – How Root Causes are Removed
      • Why is Correct Interpretation of Anicca, Dukkha, Anatta so Important?
      • How to Cultivate the Noble Eightfold Path starting with Anicca, Dukkha, Anatta
      • Difference Between Giving Up Valuables and Losing Interest in Worthless
      • Root Cause of Anicca – Five Stages of a Sankata
      • Close
    • Close
  • Tables and Summaries
    • Pali Glossary – (A-K)
    • Pali Glossary – (L-Z)
    • List of “San” Words and Other Pāli Roots
    • The 89 (121) Types of Citta
    • Cetasika (Mental Factors)
    • Rupa (Material Form) – Table
    • Rupa – Generation Mechanisms
    • Rupa Kalapas (Grouping of Matter)
    • Akusala Citta and Akusala Vipaka Citta
    • 37 Factors of Enlightenment
    • Conditions for the Four Stages of Nibbana
    • Ultimate Realities – Table
    • 31 Realms of Existence
    • Close
  • Paticca Samuppada
    • Paticca Samuppada – “Pati+ichcha”+”Sama+uppäda”
    • Paticca Samuppada – Overview
    • How Are Paticca Samuppada Cycles Initiated?
    • Paticca Samuppāda Cycles
      • Avyākata Paticca Samuppāda for Vipāka Viññāna
      • Akusala-Mūla Paticca Samuppāda
      • Kusala-Mula Paticca Samuppada
      • Akusala-Mula Pavutti (or Pravurthi) Paticca Samuppada
      • Close
    • Paticca Samuppada in Plain English
      • Introduction – What is Suffering?
      • Introduction -2 – The Three Characteristics of Nature
      • Avijja paccaya Sankhara
      • Sankhara paccaya Vinnana – 1
      • Sankhara paccaya Vinnana – 2
      • Vinnana paccaya Namarupa
      • Namarupa paccaya Salayatana
      • Difference between Phassa and Samphassa
      • Phassa paccaya Vedana….to Bhava
      • Bhava paccaya Jati….Jara, Marana,…
      • Close
    • Pattana Dhamma
      • Pattana Dhamma – Connection to Cause and Effect (Hethu Phala)
      • What Does “Paccaya” Mean in Paticca Samuppada?
      • Annantara and Samanantara Paccaya
      • Asevana and Annamanna Paccaya
      • Close
    • Äsvada (Mind-Made Pleasures), Ädeenava (Bad Outcomes), Nissarana (Relinquish)
      • Äsvada, Ädeenava, Nissarana – Introduction
      • Asvada – How Perceived Pleasures can lead to Dukkha
      • Vēdanā (Feelings) Arise in Two Ways
      • Feelings: Sukha, Dukha, Somanassa, and Domanassa
      • What is “Käma”? It is not Sex
      • Käma Äsvada Start with Phassa Paccaya Vedana or Samphassa Ja Vedana
      • Close
    • Close
  • Comments/Reviews
    • Discussion of Comments
      • What is Intention in Kamma?
      • Would Nibbana be Possible if Impermanence is the Cause of Suffering?
      • Logical Proof that Impermanence is Incorrect Translation of Anicca
      • “Self” and “no-self”: A Simple Analysis – Do We Always Act with Avijja?
      • Craving for Pornography – How to Reduce the Tendency
      • Close
    • Book Reviews
      • “Why Does the World Exist?” by Jim Holt
      • “Waking Up” by Sam Harris
      • “The Language of God” by Francis Collins
      • “Spark” by John Ratey
      • Close
    • Close
  • Dhamma and Philosophy
    • Dhamma and Philosophy – Introduction
    • Philosophy of the Mind
    • Is Buddha Dhamma (Buddhism) a Religion?
    • The Infinity Problem in Buddhism
    • Close
  • Bhāvanā (Meditation)
    • Possible Outcomes of Meditation – Samadhi, Jhana, Magga Phala
    • Getting to Samadhi via Formal Mediation Sessions
    • Are you not getting expected results from meditation?
    • 1. Introduction to Buddhist Meditation
    • 2. The Basics in Meditation
    • 3. The Second Level – Key to Purify the Mind
    • 4. What do all these Different Meditation Techniques Mean?
    • 5. Ariya Metta Bhavana (Loving Kindness Meditation)
    • 6. Anāpānasati Bhāvanā (Introduction)
    • 7. What is Ānāpāna?
    • Is Ānāpānasati Breath Meditation?
    • 8. The Basic Formal Anapanasati Meditation
    • Possible Effects in Meditation – Kundalini Awakening
    • 9. Key to Anapanasati – How to Change Habits and Character (Gathi)
      • Introduction to Character or Personality (Gathi)
      • A Broad View of the “Person” Trying to be a “Better Person”
      • How Character (Gathi) Leads to Bhava and Jathi
      • How Habits are Formed and Broken – A Scientific View
      • Close
    • 10. Attaining the Sotapanna Stage via Removing Ditthasava
    • 11. Magga Phala via Cultivation of Saptha Bojjanga
    • 12. Key Factors to be Considered when “Meditating” for the Sotapanna Stage
    • 13. Kammattana (Recitations) for the Sotapanna Stage
    • Dasa Samyojana – Bonds in Rebirth Process
    • Myths about Meditation
    • A Simple Way to Enhance Merits (Kusala) and Avoid Demerits (Akusala)
    • Is Suffering the Same as the First Noble Truth on Suffering?
    • What is Samadhi? – Three Kinds of Mindfulness
    • Panca Indriya and Panca Bala – Five Faculties and Five Powers
    • Close
  • Abhidhamma
    • Abhidhamma – Introduction
    • Mind and Consciousness
      • What is Mind? How do we Experience the Outside World?
      • What is Consciousness?
      • 1. Thoughts (Citta), Consciousness (Vinnana), and Mind (Hadaya Vatthu) – Introduction
      • 2. Vinnana (Consciousness) can be of Many Different Types and Forms
      • 3. Vinnana, Thoughts, and the Subconscious
      • Close
    • Citta and Cetasika
      • Citta and Cetasika – How Vinnana (Consciousness) Arises
      • What is a Thought?
      • What is in a Thought? Why Gathi are so Important?
      • Citta Vithi – Processing of Sense Inputs
      • Cetasika – Connection to Gathi
      • Javana of a Citta – The Root of Mental Power
      • Close
    • Gandhabba (Manomaya Kaya)
      • Gandhabba (Manomaya Kaya)- Introduction
      • Does any Object (Rupa) Last only 17 Thought Moments?
      • Hidden World of the Gandhabba: Netherworld (Paralowa)
      • Ghost in the Machine – Synonym for the Manomaya Kaya?
      • Manomaya Kaya (Gandhabba) and the Physical Body
      • Brain – Interface between Mind and Body
      • Manomaya Kaya and Out-of-Body Experience (OBE)
      • Cuti-Patisandhi – An Abhidhamma Description
      • Close
    • Why Do People Enjoy Immoral Deeds? – Ditthi Is Key
    • Key to Sotapanna Stage – Ditthi and Vicikicca
    • The Origin of Matter – Suddhashtaka
    • What are Dhamma? – A Deeper Analysis
    • Pabhassara Citta, Radiant Mind, and Bhavanga
    • Close
  • Historical Background
    • Historical Background – Introduction
    • Methods of Delivery of Dhamma by the Buddha
    • Misconceptions on the Topics the Buddha “Refused to Answer”
    • Misinterpretations of Buddha Dhamma
    • Preservation of the Dhamma
    • Historical Timeline of Edward Conze
    • Why is it Critical to Find the Pure Buddha Dhamma?
    • Key Problems with Mahayana Teachings
    • Saddharma Pundarika Sutra (Lotus Sutra) – A Focused Analysis
    • What is Sunyata or Sunnata (Emptiness)?
    • Incorrect Theravada Interpretations – Historical Timeline
    • Buddhaghosa and Visuddhimagga – Historical Background
    • Buddhaghosa’s Visuddhimagga – A Focused Analysis
    • Background on the Current Revival of Buddha Dhamma
    • Misintepretation of Anicca and Anatta by Early European Scholars
    • Close
  • Buddhist Chanting
    • Buddhist Chanting – Introduction
    • Namaskaraya – Homage to the Buddha
    • Supreme Qualities of Buddha, Dhamma, Sangha
    • The Five Precepts – Panca Sila
    • Sutta Chanting (with Pali Text)
    • Sadhu – Symbolizes Purified Hadaya Vatthu (Mind)
    • Close
  • Dhammapada
    • Sabba Papassa Akaranan….
    • Appamadö Amata Padam….
    • Najajja Vasalo Hoti……
    • Arōgyā Paramā Lābhā..
    • Anicca vata Sankhara…
    • Attā Hi Attanō Nāthō
    • Close
  • Sutta Interpretations
    • Sutta – Introduction
    • Pali Dictionaries – Are They Reliable?
    • Nikaya in the Sutta Pitaka
    • Sutta Learning Sequence for the Present Day
    • Maha Satipatthana Sutta
      • Satipatthana Sutta – Structure
      • Satipatthana – Introduction
      • Kayanupassana – Section on Postures (Iriyapathapabba)
      • Kayanupassana – The Section on Habits (Sampajanapabba)
      • Prerequisites for the Satipatthāna Bhāvanā
      • What is “Kaya” in Kayanupassana?
      • Close
    • Maha Chattarisaka Sutta (Discourse on the Great Forty)
    • Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta
      • Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta – Introduction
      • Majjima Patipada – Way to Relinquish Attachments to this World
      • Tiparivattaya and Twelve Types of Nana (Knowledge)
      • Relinquishing Defilements via Three Rounds and Four Stages
      • Close
    • Close
  • Myths or Realities?
    • Animisa Locana Bodhi Poojawa – A Prelude to Acts of Gratitude
    • Paramita and Niyata Vivarana – Myths or Realities?
    • Tisarana Vandana and Its Effects on One’s Gathi
    • Does the Hell (Niraya) Exist?
    • Can Buddhist Meditation be Dangerous?
    • Close
  • Abhidhamma via Science
    • Neuroscience says there is no Free Will? – That is a Misinterpretation!
    • The Double Slit Experiment – Correlation between Mind and Matter?
    • Vision (Cakkhu Vinnana) is Not Just Seeing
    • Close
  • About

Mental Aggregates

February 25, 2017

What is Sanna (Perception)?

  • Sanna – What It Really Means
  • Future Suffering – Why It Arises
  • Ditthi, Sanna, and Sankhara – How They Relate

What Is Vedana (Feelings)?

  • Vedana – What It Really Means

What Are Sankhara (Mental Formations)?

  • Sankhara – What It Really Means
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